How are hot springs formed?
Classification:
Scenic information
Author:
Source:
Release time:
2024-08-29
outline：Hot spring (hot spring) is a kind of spring water, which gushes naturally from the ground.
Hot spring (hot spring) is a kind of spring water, which gushes naturally from the ground. The temperature of the spring mouth is significantly higher than the local annual average temperature of the underground natural spring water, and contains mineral spring water with trace elements beneficial to human health. There are also many areas where artificial wells are drilled, usually at 600-2000 meters, and deep-water pumps are used to extract groundwater, which is rich in a variety of beneficial minerals. The water temperature is generally above 20 degrees Celsius, also called hot spring wells. Due to the different climate, latitude and elevation, the lower temperature limit of hot springs is difficult to unify.
The formation of hot springs can generally be divided into two types:
One is formed by magma action in the crust, or accompanied by volcanic eruption. In the extinct volcanic terrain area with volcanic activity, the surface uplifted by the crustal plate movement and the uncooled magma under the ground will continuously release a large amount of heat energy. Due to the heat concentration of such heat sources, as long as there are porous water-bearing rocks nearby, they will not only be heated into high-temperature hot water, and most of it boils as steam, mostly sulfate springs.
The second is formed by the osmotic circulation of surface water. That is to say, when rain falls to the surface and penetrates downward, deep into the deep aquifers of the earth's crust to form groundwater, (sandstone, conglomerate, volcanic rock, these good aquifers). Groundwater is heated by geothermal heat below to become hot water. Most of the deep hot water contains gas, which is mainly carbon dioxide. When the temperature of the hot water rises, if there is a dense and impermeable rock layer above to block the way, the pressure will become higher and higher, so that the hot water and steam are in a high pressure state, and the cracks will rush up. After the hot water rises closer to the surface, the pressure gradually decreases. As the pressure decreases gradually, the gas contained in the hot water gradually expands and reduces the density of the hot water. These expanded vapors are more conducive to the rise of the hot water. The rising hot water and the sinking cold water heated later due to the different density of the pressure (hydrostatic pressure difference) generated by repeated circulation to produce convection, in the case of open fissure resistance is small, along the fissure rising out of the surface, hot water can be continuously rising, and finally out of the ground, forming a hot spring. Under the coordination of high mountains and deep valleys, the ground water at the bottom of the valley may be higher than that of high mountains and low underground water level in the middle. Therefore, the bottom of the deep valley may be the place where the hydrostatic pressure difference is the largest, and the possibility of hot water upwelling from the bottom of the valley is the largest. Hot springs mostly occur on the riverbed in the valley.
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